@article {84,
	title = {Sono-chemical treatment of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl compounds in aqueous film-forming foams by use of a large-scale multi-transducer dual-frequency based acoustic reactor.},
	journal = {Ultrason Sonochem},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018 Jul},
	pages = {213-222},
	abstract = {<p>Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) contain a mixture of organic chemicals, including per- and poly-fluorinated, alkyl sulfonate substances (PFAS) (1-5\%, w/w). Some longer-chain PFAS can be toxic, moderately bioaccumulative and persistent in the environment. In the present work, decomposition of PFAS present in two commercially available AFFFs (ANSUL- and 3M-) was investigated using a sono-chemical reactor of volume 91 L. The reactor consists of 12 transducers with operating frequencies of 1 MHz or 500 kHz and total input power of 12 kW. Degradation of PFASs performed using various dilutions of AFFF revealed that release of F and SO ions was inversely proportional to initial pH of up to 4. Defluorination of ANSUL-AFFF resulted in an increase in the concentration of F released from 55.6 {\textpm} 0.3 {\textmu}M (500{\texttimes} dilution) to 58.6 {\textpm} 0.6 (25{\texttimes} dilution), while for 3M AFFF it increased from 19.9 {\textpm} 0.7 {\textmu}M (500{\texttimes} dilution) to 217.1 {\textpm} 2.4 {\textmu}M (25{\texttimes} dilution). Though amounts of F released were less for ANSUL-AFFF than for 3M-AFFF, there was a considerable increase in removal of TOC and release of SO present in ANSUL-AFFF. Approximately 90.5\% and 26.6\% reduction of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSA) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCA) in 3M, respectively, and 38.4\% reduction of fluorotelomer sulfonates in ANSUL-AFFF were achieved in 13 h. Estimated costs of energy for the treatment of ANSUL-AFFF and 3M-AFFF at a 500{\texttimes} dilution were $0.015 {\textpm} 0.0001/L and $0.019 {\textpm} 0.0002/L, respectively.</p>},
	issn = {1873-2828},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.02.014},
	author = {Gole, Vitthal L and Sierra-Alvarez, Reyes and Peng, Hui and Giesy, John P and Deymier, Pierre and Keswani, Manish}
}
