@article {82, title = {Relationship between perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate blood concentrations in the general population and routine drinking water exposure.}, journal = {Environ Int}, volume = {126}, year = {2019}, month = {2019 Feb 15}, pages = {54-60}, abstract = {

In regions with heavily contaminated drinking water, a significant contribution of drinking water to overall human perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) exposure has been well documented. However, the relationship of PFOA/PFOS blood concentrations in the general population to routine drinking water exposure is not well characterized. This study determined the PFOA and PFOS concentrations in 166 drinking water samples across 28 cities in China. For 13 of the studied cities, PFOA and PFOS concentrations were analyzed in 847 human blood samples which were collected in parallel with the drinking water samples. The geometric mean PFOA and PFOS concentrations in drinking water were 2.5 {\textpm} 6.2 ng/L and 0.7 {\textpm} 11.7 ng/L, and population-weighted geometric mean blood concentrations were 2.1 {\textpm} 1.2 ng/mL and 2.6 {\textpm} 1.3 ng/mL, respectively. We found a significant correlation between the PFOA concentration in drinking water and blood (r = 0.87, n = 13, p \< 0.001). The total daily intake of PFOA (0.24-2.13 ng/kg/day) and PFOS (0.19-1.87 ng/kg/day) were back-calculated from the blood concentrations with a one-compartment toxicokinetic model. We estimated relative source contributions (RSCs) of drinking water to total daily intake in China of 23 {\textpm} 3\% for PFOA and 12.7 {\textpm} 5.8\% for PFOS. Using the mean RSCs, we derived the health advisory values of 85 ng/L for PFOA and 47 ng/L for PFOS in China.

}, issn = {1873-6750}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.009}, author = {Zhang, Shiyi and Kang, Qiyue and Peng, Hui and Ding, Mengyu and Zhao, Fanrong and Zhou, Yuyin and Dong, Zhaomin and Zhang, Haifeng and Yang, Min and Tao, Shu and Hu, Jianying} } @article {127, title = {Screening of House Dust from Chinese Homes for Chemicals with Liver X Receptors Binding Activities and Characterization of Atherosclerotic Activity Using an Macrophage Cell Line and Mice.}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, volume = {127}, year = {2019}, month = {2019 11}, pages = {117003}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has become the leading cause of death worldwide, and environmental pollutants are increasingly recognized as risk factors for atherosclerosis. Liver X receptors (LXRs) play a central role in atherosclerosis; however, LXR activity of organic pollutants and associated potential risk of atherosclerosis have not yet been characterized.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore whether LXR-antagonistic chemicals are present in indoor house dust and, if so, to characterize this activity in relation to changes in macrophages and cardiovascular disease indicators in an atherosclerosis mouse model.

METHODS: We used a -down assay and a nontarget high-resolution mass spectrometry method to screen house dust collected from Chinese homes for - and -antagonist activity. A chemical identified in this manner was assessed for its ability to induce cholesterol efflux and foam cell formation in RAW264.7 macrophages, to down-regulate the expression of two LXR-dependent genes, and , and finally to induce atherosclerotic lesions using an mouse model.

RESULTS: We identified the flame retardants triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) in house dust samples and demonstrated their ability to antagonize LXRs. The potency of TPHP was similar to that of the LXR-antagonist SR9238. TPHP could also inhibit cholesterol efflux and promote foam cell formation in RAW264.7 macrophages and mouse peritoneal macrophages and significantly promoted atherosclerotic lesion formation in the mouse model.

CONCLUSIONS: We found LXR-antagonist chemicals in environmental samples of indoor dust from Chinese homes. One of the chemicals, TPHP, was able to promote the development of atherosclerotic lesions in the mouse model. These results highlight the need to assess the LXR-antagonist activities of pollutants in future environmental management programs. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5039.

}, keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Indoor, Animals, Atherosclerosis, China, Dust, Liver X Receptors, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, ApoE, RAW 264.7 Cells}, issn = {1552-9924}, doi = {10.1289/EHP5039}, author = {Hu, Wenxin and Jia, Yingting and Kang, Qiyue and Peng, Hui and Ma, Haojia and Zhang, Shiyi and Hiromori, Youhei and Kimura, Tomoki and Nakanishi, Tsuyoshi and Zheng, Lemin and Qiu, Yifu and Zhang, Zhaobin and Wan, Yi and Hu, Jianying} }