@article {127, title = {Screening of House Dust from Chinese Homes for Chemicals with Liver X Receptors Binding Activities and Characterization of Atherosclerotic Activity Using an Macrophage Cell Line and Mice.}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, volume = {127}, year = {2019}, month = {2019 11}, pages = {117003}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has become the leading cause of death worldwide, and environmental pollutants are increasingly recognized as risk factors for atherosclerosis. Liver X receptors (LXRs) play a central role in atherosclerosis; however, LXR activity of organic pollutants and associated potential risk of atherosclerosis have not yet been characterized.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore whether LXR-antagonistic chemicals are present in indoor house dust and, if so, to characterize this activity in relation to changes in macrophages and cardiovascular disease indicators in an atherosclerosis mouse model.

METHODS: We used a -down assay and a nontarget high-resolution mass spectrometry method to screen house dust collected from Chinese homes for - and -antagonist activity. A chemical identified in this manner was assessed for its ability to induce cholesterol efflux and foam cell formation in RAW264.7 macrophages, to down-regulate the expression of two LXR-dependent genes, and , and finally to induce atherosclerotic lesions using an mouse model.

RESULTS: We identified the flame retardants triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) in house dust samples and demonstrated their ability to antagonize LXRs. The potency of TPHP was similar to that of the LXR-antagonist SR9238. TPHP could also inhibit cholesterol efflux and promote foam cell formation in RAW264.7 macrophages and mouse peritoneal macrophages and significantly promoted atherosclerotic lesion formation in the mouse model.

CONCLUSIONS: We found LXR-antagonist chemicals in environmental samples of indoor dust from Chinese homes. One of the chemicals, TPHP, was able to promote the development of atherosclerotic lesions in the mouse model. These results highlight the need to assess the LXR-antagonist activities of pollutants in future environmental management programs. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5039.

}, keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Indoor, Animals, Atherosclerosis, China, Dust, Liver X Receptors, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, ApoE, RAW 264.7 Cells}, issn = {1552-9924}, doi = {10.1289/EHP5039}, author = {Hu, Wenxin and Jia, Yingting and Kang, Qiyue and Peng, Hui and Ma, Haojia and Zhang, Shiyi and Hiromori, Youhei and Kimura, Tomoki and Nakanishi, Tsuyoshi and Zheng, Lemin and Qiu, Yifu and Zhang, Zhaobin and Wan, Yi and Hu, Jianying} } @article {88, title = {Simultaneous determination of (N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamido ethanol)-based phosphate diester and triester and their biotransformation to perfluorooctanesulfonate in freshwater sediments.}, journal = {Environ Pollut}, volume = {234}, year = {2018}, month = {2018 Mar}, pages = {821-829}, abstract = {

While (N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamido ethanol)-based phosphates (SAmPAPs) have been proposed as a group of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) precursors, investigation of their occurrence and fate has been limited to SAmPAP diester. In this study, SAmPAP diester and triester were simultaneously determined in freshwater sediment from Taihu Lake using a newly developed UPLC-MS/MS method, and their biotransformation to PFOS in lake sediment was investigated. SAmPAP diester and triester were detected in sediments with a detection frequency of 56\% and 88\%, and their mean concentrations were 0.24\ {\textpm}\ 0.11\ ng/g dry weight (dw) and 0.12\ {\textpm}\ 0.03\ ng/g dw, respectively. The SAmPAP diester/triester ratio in sediment was 1.1\ {\textpm}\ 4.2, much lower than that (6.7) observed in the technical product, and the positive correlation was found between the concentrations of SAmPAP diester and PFOS in sediments (r\ =\ 0.45, p\ =\ 0.01), suggesting that SAmPAP diester would be biotransformed to PFOS in the lake sediment. The microbial degradation test in the lake sediments further clarified that SAmPAP diester was biodegraded to PFOS, but SAmPAP triester was highly recalcitrant to microbial degradation. This study suggests that the occurrence of SAmPAP diester in freshwater lake sediments may be an important precursor of PFOS.

}, keywords = {Alkanesulfonic Acids, Bacteria, Biodegradation, Environmental, Biotransformation, China, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Geologic Sediments, Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated, Lakes, Organophosphates, Sulfonamides, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Water Pollutants, Chemical}, issn = {1873-6424}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.021}, author = {Zhang, Shiyi and Peng, Hui and Mu, Di and Zhao, Haoqi and Hu, Jianying} }