@article {289,
	title = {Structure and Toxicity Characterization of Alkyl Hydroxylated Metabolites of 6PPD-Q.},
	journal = {Environ Sci Technol},
	year = {2025},
	month = {2025 Apr 08},
	abstract = {<p>Distinct from other nontoxic phenyl--phenylenediamine (PPD) quinones, -(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-{\textquoteright}-phenyl--phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) was recently discovered to be regioselectively metabolized to alkyl hydroxylated metabolites (alkyl-OH-6PPD-Q) in rainbow trout. It remains unknown whether the unique alkyl-OH-6PPD-Q contributes to the toxicity of 6PPD-Q. To test this, we herein synthesized chemical standards of alkyl-OH-6PPD-Q isomers and investigated their metabolic formation mechanism and toxicity. The predominant alkyl-OH-6PPD-Q was confirmed to be hydroxylated on the C tertiary carbon (C-OH-6PPD-Q). The formation of C-OH-6PPD-Q was only observed in microsomal but not in cytosolic fractions of rainbow trout () liver S9. A general cytochrome P450 (CYP450) inhibitor fluoxetine inhibited the formation of hydroxylated metabolites of 6PPD-Q, supporting that CYP450 catalyzed the hydroxylation. This well-explained the compound- and regio-selective formation of C-OH-6PPD-Q, due to the weak C-H bond on the C tertiary carbon. Surprisingly, while cytotoxicity was observed for 6PPD-Q and C-OH-6PPD-Q in a coho salmon () embryo (CSE-119) cell line, no toxicity was observed for C-OH-6PPD-Q. To further confirm this under physiologically relevant conditions, we fractionated 6PPD-Q metabolites formed in the liver microsome of rainbow trout. Cytotoxicity was observed for the fraction of 6PPD-Q, but not the fraction of C-OH-6PPD-Q. In summary, this study highlighted the C tertiary carbon as the key moiety for both metabolism and toxicity of 6PPD-Q and confirmed that alkyl hydroxylation is a detoxification pathway for 6PPD-Q.</p>},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.est.4c11823},
	author = {Nair, Pranav and Barrett, Holly and Tanoto, Kaylin and Xie, Linna and Sun, Jianxian and Yang, Diwen and Yao, Han and Song, Datong and Peng, Hui}
}
